Comparing 1984 And Fahrenheit 451 - 928 Words

1984 and Fahrenheit 451 1984, written by George Orwell, and Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, are similar to each other, however they also have several distinct differences. Both 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 are dystopian themed novels that deal with an overbearing and extremely powerful government. The nations in both novels are involved in wars that never seem to end, and their main characters begin to doubt the government and what society expects of everyone. In both 1984 and Fahrenheit 451, the government has a lot of control over the people and their lives. In 1984 the government vaporizes and tortures anyone that does not seem to approve of the government’s actions or the moral code that the government supports. While in Fahrenheit 451 the government arrests anyone that has books or disapproves of what the government does. The two books are similar in that the governments use a lot of fear to keep their citizens loyal and acting in a way that they approve of. The government in Fahrenheit 451 uses firemen to project fear and keep order in the cities, as well as burning the possessions and homes of people that own books. 1984 has a similarly feared organization known as the Thought Police, they were said to be able to read the minds of all of the citizens in Oceania, the name of the country where Winston lives in the novel, and were used by the government to try to prevent even the thought of someone acting out against the go vernment. The Thought Police also used muchShow MoreRelatedComparing 1984 And Fahrenheit 451912 Words   |  4 PagesBoth 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 predict a dystopian future where information is tightly controlled and the populace seems to care little for the fact that they are being lied to and manipulated into working for the ambitions of their government. Both governments in the story have taken control of the media and this the population, and both characters are apart of agencies that help keep the government in control of the people. In Fahrenheit 451 the man is a fireman and burns all of the books that heRead MoreComparing Dystopic Worlds in George Orwells 1984 and Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451.2257 Words   |  10 Pagesimage of utopia, and yet to the reader seems like a foreign, inhumane residence dominated by an all-powerful government. George Orwells 1984, and Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 depicts two different dystopic worlds. The settings of both books are different and the characters are unique; however, both of these books are also very similar. 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 are similar dystopic literatures by a common theme of censorship in which the government withholds or censors information, by a similar threadRead More 198451: The Year of the Salamander Essay1864 Words   |  8 Pages198451: The Year of the Salamander When comparing the masterpieces of George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four and Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 the astute reader is immediately able to see a minimum of two recurring themes in both of them. â€Å"Orwell had produced an imaginative treatise of totalitarianism, cutting across all ideologies, warning of the threat to humanity should any government, of whatever political complexion, assume absolute power† (Nineteen Eighty-Four 12). Meanwhile Bradbury describedRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesConflict 375 SKILL LEARNING 376 Interpersonal Conflict Management 376 Mixed Feelings About Conflict 376 Diagnosing the Type of Interpersonal Conflict 378 Conflict Focus 378 Conflict Source 380 Selecting the Appropriate Conflict Management Approach 383 Comparing Conflict Management and Negotiation Strategies 386 Selection Factors 386 Resolving Interpersonal Confrontations Using the Collaborative Approach A General Framework for Colla borative Problem Solving 391 The Four Phases of Collaborative Problem SolvingRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pages4 Hypotheses Tests for a Population Mean 550 10.5 Power and Probability of Type II Error 562 10.6 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 571 Activity 10.1 Comparing the t and z Distributions 574 Activity 10.2 A Meaningful Paragraph 575 Graphing Calculator Explorations 580 11 Comparing Two Populations or Treatments 583 11.1 Inferences Concerning the Difference Between Two Population or Treatment Means Using Independent Samples 583 11.2 Inferences Concerning theRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagestime, but the only evidence for this was Nathan’s own claim that he was 10 miles away at the time. 4. Evaluate the quality of this argument: All ice eventually melts when heated to over 47 degrees Fahrenheit. The ice in the refrigerator of the President of France was heated to over 47 degrees Fahrenheit that day. So, the ice in the President’s refrigerator eventually melted.67 This is a very strong argument. It is deductively valid and all its premises (there’s just one) are true. 66 The argument

Technology And World Civilization A Thousand Year History

Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand Year History written by physicist and historian Arnold Pacey explains his unique â€Å"global view† of the evolution of technology differing from the common Eurocentric view of this topic dating back to Greek civilizations. The book is consisted of eleven chapters that chronologically depict the creative inventions in technology throughout several cultures across time in history, starting from the early days in 700 A.D. to the very recent historical events in the 1980’s. Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand Year History views the adaptation of technology from a different perspective by giving insight and excellent supporting criteria crediting the East with the innovative technology†¦show more content†¦For example, Indian textile technology had an immense influence on Britain during the Industrial Revolution, but there was not any specific ‘transfer of technology.’ Rather, the British simply und erstood that Indians could spin, weave, and dye yarn to make colorful fabrics. As a result, the British modified this idea and adopted weaving into their culture, giving them the same results and ultimately creating a responsive, innovative invention for their society. Without a doubt, Pacey’s creative take and supporting examples, emphasizing the transfer of knowledge in innovation rather than the transfer of technology, depict the idea’s immense benefits that shaped the crucial inventions in history across cultures. Moreover, another crucial historical benefit to societies from Arnold Pacey’s argument in Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand Year History is the use of social interaction to create responsive inventions. The text defines responsive inventions as the result of interactions that lead to conversations resulting in incomplete information that fortunately sparks fresh ideas amongst individuals in the same or differing cultures. This phenomenon is accomplished through recipients of a new body of knowledge interrogating and then innovating the new ideas or technological inventions on the core basis of the individual’s own personal experiences and information regarding their localShow MoreRelatedWorld Civilization : A Thousand Year History Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesPacey published Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand Year History in the year 1991. 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But hasRead MoreInvention Over Time : Technology1363 Words   |  6 PagesInvention over Time Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History is a book written by Arnold Pacey in 1990. Pacey is an associate lecturer at the Open University, Britain. He attempts to look globally at the development of technology soley in a world civilization. He focuses mainly on the dialogue between different countries, and the developments that happen. One of the major arguments of the book is the simultaneity of invention. Pacey’s thesis is extremely sound, and provides manyRead MoreSimilarities Between Civilizations And Civilizations958 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout history there have been similarities between civilizations, some of which were on separate parts of the world. Many scholars and historians have been baffled by the discoveries of these similarities due to the fact that these cultures were not only hundreds of miles apart but also were separated by hundreds of years. The ancient Egyptian civilization located in northern Africa around 3,100 B.C. is considere d to be one of the cradles of civilization and also a major contributor to theRead MoreContributions Of African And World Civilizations Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesContributions to African and World Civilizations The Carthage was one of first big empires of the Africa and continues to be the largest. The biggest contribution to world civilizations today is the military tactics taken away from the Carthage Army and Navy. Hannibal Barca was the greatest military Generals of the ancient world, he lead the Carthaginian Army. He took over at the age of 26. Some of the tactics that he used that were so successful and are used today are taking out and surroundingRead MoreNo Guns, Germs and Steel by Jared Diamond772 Words   |  4 Pagesyou white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people hat little cargo of our own?† For over thirty years, Diamond was investigating our inferred history for clues, to answer Yali’s question. He published a scientific opinion that explains how geography is to blame for the dispersal of power, as few societies and civilizations inhabiting in the Middle East had access to resources, such as the seeds of highly nutritio us crops alike wheat and barley, and useful livestockRead MoreThe Differences Between The Civilizations And River Valley Civilizations1710 Words   |  7 Pages1. The civilizations in river valleys both had communities that were forced to work together due to the lack of agricultural resources. They each had to focus on maintaining canals, dikes, weirs, and other structures related to the valleys. Floods were constantly a threat, and so each civilization had a different view on nature’s aspects. Mesopotamians tried their best to please the kings and queens of nature, while Egyptians trusted supernatural powers. The difference in religious thoughts led toRead MoreAncient Chinese Compass And Its Effects On Civilization1581 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Chinese Compass and its Effects on Civilization The Chinese culture is up to 5000 years old. Approximately 56 different ethnic groups live in China. Buddhism is by far the largest religion in China, significantly impacting their culture. Buddhism brought with it a whole new array of beliefs, such as a very detailed description of heaven and hell, the belief in reincarnation, and the idea of karma. Those three things made their way into the Chinese culture. A set of beliefs, called ConfucianismRead MoreThe Silk Road Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesof technology, goods, religions, and language throughout Asia, the Mediterranean, Africa and southern Europe. As the strongest link between major population centers in the largest landmass on earth, the Silk Road was one of the most important of all long-distance trade routes in human history. Study of the Silk Road has made it obvious that Eurasian history was more than isolated histories of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Europe, India, Southeast Asia, and China. In reality, for several thousand years, theRead MoreGenghis Khan And The Mongol Empire Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pagesother empires you have studied this semester? Under the rule of Genghis Khan and his successors during the 13th and 14th centuries (between the years 1206-1368), the Mongol Empire, with a military force of unparalleled strength, succeeded in unifying large regions in order to establish new economies and create the largest contiguous land empire in history. By having a democracy similarly present within the Roman Empire and adopting a structure comparable to the satraps of the Persian Empire, the Mongol

Mitigation Analysis on Imposing a New Vacation Policy Free Essays

In the verge of administrative challenges, the best organizational strategy to implement as a leader is the perspective on â€Å"delegation.†Ã‚   It is important to take note that the obligation of a leader mainly falls on the vortex of â€Å"conceptual skills† mixed with the forecasted value of human resource power.   In the case presented, given the fact that the main issue mainly lies on the scarcity or unavailability of information dissemination medium, the finest way to get through the dilemma is to dwell on the basic of communicating—snail mail would be a good option. We will write a custom essay sample on Mitigation Analysis on Imposing a New Vacation Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another alternative would be delegating the â€Å"message†Ã¢â‚¬â€the new vacation policy—to your subordinates. Take for example, in every state or country by which your company has scope onto, the power of local autonomy would serve you right.   As a matter of fact, it will be a lot easier to have the â€Å"regional† offices do the relay of message or idea, than to spend much on the expense of that purpose.   Further, with regard to the predicament on â€Å"language† inefficiency among your constituents, it would rather be best to have those â€Å"regional† office department heads to fix the problem—the regional directors must be critically filtered in such a way that they are able to understand both the international language and respective dialects of the region. Moreover, in the light of the â€Å"new policy,† to be able to get a glimpse of the feedback and recommendations of your subordinates, it is recommended that the leader calls for a general assembly for all the designated regional offices, and decentralize the power of â€Å"company† hearing or survey for each location (Stillman, 2004).   In such way, it will be cost-efficient, less hassle and beneficial for both the members and the leader for that instance. However, to be able to assess that the â€Å"plan† is effective and is proficient enough to be thoroughly implemented, the leader must consistently visit the respective regions to â€Å"personally† check on the employees and to give them an echelon of faith that the company is still highly respectable and professional in the keenest way possible (Ollman, 1999). Reference Ollman, B. (1999). Market Economy: Advantages and Disadvantages [Electronic Version]. Retrieved October 21, 2007 from http://www.nyu.edu/projects/ollman/docs/china_speech2.php. Stillman, R. J. (2004). Public Administration: Concepts and Cases (8th ed.). Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company.       How to cite Mitigation Analysis on Imposing a New Vacation Policy, Essay examples

SEM and Irrationality

Question: Write an essay on Real Life Example of Irrationality Based On SEM? Answer: Real Life Example of Irrationality Based On SEM: The peoples behavior is assessed in all parts of economics. In this regard behavioral economics plays an important role. It studies the repercussion of psychological, social, cognitive and emotional factors on the economic decisions of the economic agents. The Standard Neo Classical Economic Model (SEM) assumes that the behavior of the economic agents is rational and is not dependent on emotion or bias. The economic agent is believed to place fair, equitable and reasonable value on the goods and products related to investment and in all these behavior the individual must drive towards maximizing utility. The main assumption of the SEM is that people are rational. In addition to this people make economic decision when they are fully aware of all the available options, people can always rank their options based on their preferences in a consistent manner and people select that option which is best for them and gives them maximum utility. The three vital assumptions or principles of SEM are: (Baddeley, 2013) Economic agents maximize profits and utility- when multiple alternatives are available to an economic agent he chooses that outcome that possibly maximizes his utility function. This is explained by SEM as the preference and advantage received from consuming a good is not only in terms of monetary profits but also other benefits that explains the satisfaction received from consuming the good or the rise in the stature. The economic decision made by the individuals may be taken under situations of risk. This evaluation requires individual to maximize expected utility based on the expected value. Thus SEM also takes into account the nature of individual and his decision making i.e., the individual can be a risk averse, risk lover or even a risk neutral. (Beckerman, 2011) Economic agents act rationally- behavior of an economic agent is based on rational self-interest according to the fundamental principle of economics. For some human behavior may be inconsistent, inefficient, self centered or humanitarian, but economists argue that human behavior is predictable and his economic decision is based on the costs and benefits of the option available to him. SEM economists are of the view that benefits from charitable instincts or love must not be ignored but there remains an expectation that people will engage themselves in a rational decision making system. Then they can be called Homo economicus, who possess a well-organized, reliable and anchored list of preferences. The logical computational skill that the Homo economicus utilizes to evaluate different series of action also allow him to choose the highest and maximized preference and outcomes. Economic agents act on the basis of full and relevant information- SEM expects that the individuals not only make choices on the basis of their preferences but also based on the full information. By the availability of full information individuals are able to take rational decisions analyzing its impact on the future. For example, consider the rational expectation theory when anticipating the inflation rate for the future. This theory explains that how the mechanism of determining future inflation rate takes into account all the factors that affect the inflation rate in the future like money supply, oil prices, exchange rate and labor market conditions. Based on the three important assumptions of the SEM, we can now establish the fact that individuals are able to make rational decision. (Opaluch and Segerson, 2015) People customarily tend to make irrational choices thinking that their choices are rational. There are several examples of irrational behavior that explains such irrational behavior. One of the reasons behind this is that most of the people lack full knowledge regarding their own choices. Or in other cases, their choices strongly depend on the recollection or interpretation drawn from their past experiences. The irrational behavior impacts the individuals in a way that they imbibe short term satisfaction and experience loss in the long term. These individuals do not make their choices based on forecasting their future loss, cost, gain and benefit. In this way they fail to maximize their utility. A case that reflects irrationality in humans is based on Jac who is a coffee addict and was a regular visitor to the Dunkin Donuts. (Mullins, 2009) But with the behemoth of coffee outlets at every corner of the streets, his choice regarding the purchase of coffee changed. This apparently explains the success of Starbucks. Starbucks is believed to sell coffee at a higher rate which the people tend to purchase. One thing that needs to be mentioned is the anchor price regarding coffee for individual who loves coffee. Before visiting Starbucks, Jac was convinced with the anchor pricing strategy and had set a price for coffee in his minds from which he never budged. But what happened that his preference changed irrationally depend on the strategy that Starbucks applied making the customers forget about the concept of anchor prices. When I confronted Jac with the question that why did he go for Starbucks leaving behind his anchor price, his answer was clear. He answered by ranking the supe rior experience that he received from Starbucks by which he never really compared Dunkin Donuts and Starbucks coffee. (People Great Ideas, 2015) Jac gradually changed his anchor price which was low and set another new anchor price that were based on the prices charged by Starbucks. I found this behavior irrational. He now moved and shifted onto a new consumption curve where the anchor price is much higher. (Giang, 2012) Considering the SEM, Jac violated the first assumption that states that individual makes decisions based on their profit and utility maximization. But in this case Jac has definitely maximized his utility but failed to maximize his profits. Profits are based on the cost that he bears, which has increased because of a rise in price of coffee from Dunkin Donuts to Starbucks. Jac must not only aim to maximize his satisfaction but also must look out for his pocket. But setting a higher anchor price, Jac has behaved irrationally. (GAUDIO, 2003) Second assumption signifies individuals as Homo economicus where they are expected to make decisions based on their highest and maximized anchored preferences. Jac from the very beginning depicted an irrational behavior by preferring the Starbucks coffee which a much higher price. Though several surveys reveal that Starbucks stood high in terms of quality and experience of customers yet their pricing strategy seemed to be quite expensive. Jac has depicted that irrational behavior in which he did not consider the future costs and benefits related to the current purchase. (Salim Khraim, 2011)Thirdly, Jac had never acquired full information while making the choice of coffee. (Kacen and Lee, 2002)Starbucks is not the only one caf outlet that offers high quality coffee. There are several other coffee outlets that offer best coffee with reasonable price. Thus, Jac has engaged himself in short term utility sacrificing the long term benefits that he would get on selection of coffee at cheap rates from other coffee outlets. (some outlets are Curators Coffee Studio, FreeState Coffee etc. in London). (Time Out London, 2015) A study based on the brand effects of Starbucks reveals that the effect of brand of Starbucks had affected the Danish consumers preferences towards coffee in a positive way. The price that Starbucks charged could not be explained by this study but what can be concluded from the study is that individuals are repeatedly making irrational choices which are result of the brand value of Starbucks. Individuals generally believe in their choices to be rational. A coffee with brand value and higher price is preferred by individuals rather than coffee with no brand values and low price. This explains the irrationality in consumers. (Bouzidi, 2015) One of the important case studies by Sara Jasmine Ghafoorzadeh on Starbucks shows that again the brand value that led to the customers loyalty regarding the consumption of their coffee in spite of high price. Starbucks believes that there is a strong relation between the customer loyalty and the brand experience that can drive their sales up. But this type of strategy affects the ethical decision making of the consumers. They are repeatedly and alarmingly making irrational decision regarding purchasing goods. (Ghafoorzadeh, 2015) From the essay what we learn is that economic agents unconsciously engage in irrational behavior but what they pose is as if they are behaving rationally which led to diminishing future benefits. This is because most of the people tend to engage in short term pleasure rather than long term gains. In the case of Jac, Starbucks coffee may have strained his pocket but his opinion about making irrational choices distinctly depended on the brand value of Starbucks. Thus, we see that Jac has successfully violated the assumptions of the SEM and can be declared as an irrational human beings. The irrational behavior can also be witnessed in the investing markets where the investors also engage in irrational behavior(Lin, Tsai and Lung, 2013). One of the other industry that fools consumers and force them behave irrationally is the mobile industry in which individuals purchase such mobiles phones that are called smartphones at higher price when other ordinary mobiles operates in an identical ma nner. (Law and McNeish, 2007)The choice of the human beings on spending more on certain objects which functions in the same manner as the ones which are cheaper explains irrationality. (Camerer, Loewenstein and Rabin, 2004) References Baddeley, M. (2013).Behavioural economics and finance. London: Routledge. Beckerman, W. (2011).Economics as applied ethics. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Bouzidi, I. (2015).Starbucks brand effects - distinguishing unconscious wanting` and conscious liking in consumers choice of coffee brand. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://studenttheses.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10417/4031/imane_bouzidi.pdf?sequence=1 [Accessed 9 Mar. 2015]. Camerer, C., Loewenstein, G. and Rabin, M. (2004).Advances in behavioral economics. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. GAUDIO, R. (2003). Coffeetalk: Starbucks and the commercialization of casual conversation.Lang. Soc., 32(05). Ghafoorzadeh, S. (2015).Customers' Loyalty Brand Experience Branding Strategy to Successfully Approach Consumers' Minds and Promote Customers' Loyalty: Generating the Brand Experience.. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/68813/Ghafoorzadeh_SaraJasmine.pdf?sequence=1 [Accessed 9 Mar. 2015]. Giang, V. (2012).12 Ways That People Behave Irrationally. [online] Business Insider. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/predictably-irrational-2012-6?IR=T#we-only-forget-about-the-anchor-price-when-the-experience-feels-so-different-its-incomparable-3 [Accessed 9 Mar. 2015]. Kacen, J. and Lee, J. (2002). The Influence of Culture on Consumer Impulsive Buying Behavior.Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12(2), pp.163-176. Law, A. and McNeish, W. (2007). Contesting the New Irrational Actor Model: A Case Study of Mobile Phone Mast Protest.Sociology, 41(3), pp.439-456. Lin, W., Tsai, S. and Lung, P. (2013). Investors' Herd Behavior: Rational or Irrational?.Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies, 42(5), pp.755-776. Mullins, C. (2009). Supply and demand in the decision-making process of pharmaceutical consumers: The starbucks versus dunkin' donuts dilemma.Clinical Therapeutics, 31(8), p.1858. Opaluch, J. and Segerson, K. (2015).Rational Roots of Irrational Behavior: New Theories of Economic Decision-Making. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/28875/1/18020081.pdf [Accessed 9 Mar. 2015]. People Great Ideas, (2015).Super Bowl Coffee Smackdown: Seattle's Starbucks vs. New England's Dunkin' Donuts. [online] Available at: https://greatideas.people.com/2015/01/30/starbucks-vs-dunkin-donuts-seattle-new-england-superbowl/ [Accessed 9 Mar. 2015]. Salim Khraim, H. (2011). The Influence of Brand Loyalty on Cosmetics Buying Behavior of UAE Female Consumers.IJMS, 3(2). Time Out London, (2015).London's best cafs and coffee shops. [online] Available at: https://www.timeout.com/london/food-drink/londons-best-cafes-and-coffee-shops [Accessed 9 Mar. 2015].

Consumer confidence index

The consumer confidence index has fluctuated in the past months. It increased sharply in the month of February to an index of 71.6.The index then fell moderately in the month of March to an index of 70.2 due to consumer been less optimistic about the short-term outlook that did not appear favourable to them. The consumer confidence index is currently favourable to the economy as it is above average.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Consumer confidence index specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consumer confidence index is an important indicator of the economy because consumers account for the greatest portion of the gross domestic product. The consumer confidence index is an important data for the government, manufacturers, retailers and banks for their decision-making processes. A high or a rising consumer confidence index indicates a stronger consumer purchasing power, thus manufacturer will have to increase their production to meet demand. A rise in the consumer confidence index affects the economy as consumers will be more willing to spend and invest their money, this will force manufacturers to increase their production to meet the consumer demand. Manufacturers will be forced to source for loans from banks to finance their increased production. This increased production will lead to creation of job opportunities. Lastly, with the increased production, job opportunities and increased consumption the government will increase its revenue collection. The increased revenue collection by the government will be invested in the development of infrastructures like roads, schools and hospitals. A positive change in the consumer confidence index is likely to stimulate economic growth, as there will be increased consumption, increased manufacturing, increased employment and increased government revenue. On the other hand, a decline in the consumer confidence index indicates consumer having a low purc hasing power. Manufacturers will be forced to cut down their production and labour force because of low demand. The government will collect less revenue because of low production, unemployment of the people and less economic activity. A fall in the consumer confidence index will make the economy stagnant. The expectation of business executives over the past few months has been optimistic about growth prospects. Most business executives are optimistic that the economic condition will improve in the next six months and that they will be in position to hire more employees. Similar optimism is also evident from the business executives in their own industries. The consumer expectation does not match with the business executive`s expectation. The consumer expectation is higher than the business executive’s expectation.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The consumer expectati on and business executive’s expectations do not match because the consumer expectation is the main driver of the business executive expectation. The consumer expectation has to rise first before the business executives expectation follows. As a result, the business will hire more employees in the next few months to prepare themselves for more production. Most businesses will increase their production level in the coming months to meet the consumers demand. Most businesses will start increasing their inventory levels to benefit from the high purchasing power of consumers. Businesses will seek for loans from banks in order to invest in new production equipment that will enable them increase efficiency and production. In conclusion, due to the difference in consumers and business confidence, businesses will prepare themselves to meet the consumer demand and make profit of the high consumer’s purchasing power by producing of more consumer products. This report on Consumer confidence index was written and submitted by user Joyce Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Review of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Dougl Essays

Review of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Dougl Essays Review of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland, near Hillsborough. He doesnt know for sure of his age, he has seen no proof and his master will not inform him. Most masters prefer for their slaves to stay ignorant. He believes that he was around twenty-seven and twenty-eight when he began writing his narrative - he overheard his master say he was about seventeen years of age during 1835. His mother, Harriet Bailey, was separated from him when he was an infant and she died when he was seven years old. Fredericks father was a white man who could have been his master but he never found out. Education was of utmost importance in his life. He received his first lesson while living with Mr. and Mrs. Auld. Sophia Auld, Fredericks "mistress", was very humane to him and spent time teaching him the A, B, Cs. After he mastered this, she assisted him in spelling three and four letter words. At this point in his lesson Mr. Auld encountered what his wife was doing for Frederick and forbid her to continue. He believed that "if you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell" and continuing with "learning would spoil the best nigger in the world". The masters felt that an ignorant slave formed a choice slave and any beneficial learning would damage the slave and therefore be futile to his master. His next step on the road to success was during his seven years living with Master Hughs family. Frederick would make friends with as many white boys as he possibly could on the street. His new friends would be transformed into teachers. When he could, Frederick carried bread on him as a means of trade to the famished kids for knowledge. He would also carry a book anytime he had an errand to run. The errand would be completed quickly, allowing extra study time. When Frederick was working in Durgin and Baileys ship-yard he would notice timber marked with various letters. He soon discovered how the letters matched the type of wood and the names of these letters. Any boy he met that could write he would challenge them to a writing contest. Frederick would use the letters he recently learned and told the child to challenge that. He then copied the Italics in Websters Spelling Book until he knew them well. All this hard work and years of practice gave Frederick the knowledge to write. After his relocation to Mr. Freeland, who was the owner of two slaves, Frederick devoted his Sundays teaching these two and other slaves how to read. Frederick heard the word abolitionists a few times but it wasnt for a while until he found out what it meant. If a slave succeeded in escaping from his Master or performing a radical action such as burning a barn or killing his Master, it was considered to be a form of abolition. One day while running an errand, Frederick ran into two Irishmen hard at work. Frederick assisted the Irishmen and soon after they asked if he was a slave. The men then advised Frederick to run away to the north to find friends and freedom. Ever since this encounter he has dreamed of the day he could safely escape. An attempt to carry out his dreams surfaced during his stay with Master Thomas. He did not attempt to escape, however he regrets not doing so since the chances of succeeding are ten times greater from the city than from the country. Anthony, one of Fredericks two masters, was not a humane slaveholder. Frederick was awakened habitually by the sounds of his own aunt being whipped repeatedly because she was caught away for the evening with a man. Slaves, when unhappy, sing songs to help drown their sorrow. Frederick would often sing for this purpose, and not to express his happiness as some slaves also do. The men and women slaves received eight pounds of pork or fish and one bushel of corn meal monthly. On a yearly basis, they received very little along the lines of clothing. The children unable to work in the field were given two shirts per year. If they happen to wear out, the children would have to go naked until the next year. No beds were supplied, only coarse blankets. Master Thomas would not even give a sufficient amount of food to eat, which was usually mush (coarse boiled corn meal). This

Strategic Action Plan for Food Waste Management Essay

Strategic Action Plan for Food Waste Management - Essay Example ch requires urgent action is how to reduce the dumping of food waste in the landfills so as to minimize the economic, social and environmental impacts. Langham Hotel is one of Hong Kongs most reputed and largest chain of hotels. Langham was recently selected as the first site to evaluate the feasibility of the new food waste composting program of the Hong Kong Governments’ Environmental Protection Department because of its active implementation of â€Å"green† initiatives. As a pioneer in sustainable food waste management practice in Hong Kong, Langham has the objective to be the leading eco-hotel in the hospitality industry. The effective resolution of the problem through development and implementation of novel strategies to reduce and avoid food waste, is likely to help not only the hotel but also support the national efforts to reduce food waste, reduce the carbon footprint and protect the environment. It will also encourage the others to follow in its footsteps and contribute to a greater social and environmental cause in the long run in the process. CSR TV is the project consultant of Langham’s Sustainability Task Force reviewing their CONNECT Programme. How to continuously improve the existing food waste prevention and recycling program and extend support to the staff and local communities with regard to management of food waste has been in the mind of the CEO for some time. In the analysis paper, recommendations for the future review of sustainability challenges are: 1) avoid food waste at source 2) reuse and recycle food waste through innovation 3) minimizing food waste disposal to landfills. The CEO has asked CSRTV to source for global guidance on preventing and reducing food waste more effectively so as to create a sustainability strategy that would lead the company to do things in different and better way. CSR TV represents the Strategic Task Force in presenting this paper for CEO endorsement. This paper will focus on implementing a food waste

Project Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Statistics Project Example The base cost is inclusive of all cost that are associated with making the machine operational and they include purchase cost, set up cost, installation cost, tax, shipping and freight among others. The residual value is the value the firm expects to sell the asset after its useful life and is also referred to as scrap value. The estimated useful life is the period the asset is expected to be used by the firm (Kimmel and Jerry, 35). a) Assets tend to loss value faster in their first year of operation hence the net book value of the asset in the initial years may not be a true reflection of its market value. If the asset is used as collateral for a loan, the bank may value it differently and hence there will be a variance in value assigned. Depreciation of the asset will be based on usage of the asset or the units being produced per period. Therefore, in the year where the asset will be used extensively, the depreciation allocation will be higher and will be low when production is low. The depreciated value is calculated based on the expected total amount of units it can produce in proportion to the cost basis less residual value. No depreciation is charged the year, which the asset is not in use. This will provide the depreciation of the asset per unit produced. The expected units multiply this for each period to find the amount of depreciation to charge that year and less from the current net book value to find the end year book value of the asset (Kimmel and Jerry, 36). It is an accelerated depreciation method where the majority of the depreciation is allocated in the first years of the asset useful life. It is most appropriate for charging depreciation to asset that loss value fast during their first years and when the company want to shift profit recognition to the future. The depreciation is calculated by multiplying the rate of straight-line depreciation by two and then this is multiplied by the net book value

Importance of I Have a Dream speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Importance of I Have a Dream speech - Essay Example Many icons still use such phrases to unite people and carry out campaigns and rallies, especially the concluding paragraphs of â€Å"I have a dream† speech: "And when this happens, when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!" (Herst, 2007). This has remained a uniting factor among Americans and reminds them of civil rights movement that alleviated racial discrimination and injustices. The speech has consistently depicted America as a country whose credo is liberty and justice for all and that the country men must live up to the precepts of the nation with all of its children (Frady, 2002). Martin Luther King Jr prese nted his speech as a civil rights activist not only black Americans but to all people of Americans. The speech has since promoted idea of unity and equality.   The goal of the speech was particularly for Americans to understand and agree with him.   The speech remains important to the public as it brings the issues of society that affect entire America logically and emotionally. Another importance can be drawn from the issue of civil rights that was clearly brought up by the speech: Martin Luther King Jr used rhetorical strategies to the audience that was racially mixed and viewed them as equal and not different in any particular way. The memory of the public cannot escape the... Martin Luther King Jr presented his speech as a civil rights activist not only black Americans but to all people of Americans. The speech has since promoted idea of unity and equality. The goal of the speech was particularly for Americans to understand and agree with him. The speech remains important to the public as it brings the issues of society that affect entire America logically and emotionally. Another importance can be drawn from the issue of civil rights that was clearly brought up by the speech: Martin Luther King Jr used rhetorical strategies to the audience that was racially mixed and viewed them as equal and not different in any particular way. The memory of the public cannot escape the bravery of Martin Luther King Jr, this is because at the time of the speech, there was an enormous amount of controversy that civil rights were facing. Martin Luther King Jr was even arrested few months prior to his speech in one of his anti-segregation dissents and protests, he however c ontinually fought for civil rights. The goal of the speech was to wholly eliminate all problems between the different American races, particularly Black versus White. In his speech he says: â€Å"But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free.† (Branch, 2006) From the beginning of the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, Martin Luther King Jr brings the public back to when the Emancipation Proclamation was signed, the very beginning of America. This Emancipation Proclamation gave hopes and freed all slaves of America.

Methods for Routing Improvement in WSNs

Methods for Routing Improvement in WSNs As was concluded on the first chapter of the work, one of the best routing protocols, which is less energy-intensive and in the same time have other good conditions, like mobility, multipath usability, effective data aggregation, and so on, is Directed-Diffusion. Thus, Directed-Diffusion is chosen as a base protocol for reaching the goals of the dissertation. The importance of the energy-efficiency characteristic in sensor networks has directed many works on Directed-Diffusion and several solutions have been proposed trying to carry out energy efficiency in this paradigm. These solutions suggest various changes in the stages of the paradigm. Directed-Diffusion [84] is one possible realization of publish/subscribe for a wireless sensor network. It is mostly concerned with scalability issues and tries to find solutions that do not depend on network-wide properties like globally unique node identifiers. But rather, the goal is to find solutions that purely rest on local interactions. The most prevalent (albeit not the only) service pattern is subscription to data sources that will publish data at a selectable rate over a selectable duration. The aim of designing the Directed-Diffusion is efficiency in energy consumption, thereby increasing life expectancy network. In order to reduce energy consumption uses, this method uses two ways of compression and processing information within net. But it has limitation because of using the huge diffusion which cause that the resulting overload in this algorithm became too much. In the Directed-Diffusion, a node forms a gradient during the propagation toward all neighbors. These gradients are paths which are used for further data transferring. However, they provide limited information (e.g. a node can recognize the nearest neighbor only) and as a result Directed-Diffusion has some limitations such as traffic collection production which has inefficiency of energy. Directed-Diffusion is very suitable for some of usages, but instead, for some of usages it will work weakly, especially in usages where there are many receivers and references, and when the receivers are related to each other, the volume of traffic data increases. When the sink wants to choose one of the neighbors to strengthen their own path, it selects a neighbor which the first will receive a packet from it. For example, a node can determine which of its neighbors is the nearest. In this method, each node has limited information from its neighbors and has no enough attention for choosing the neighbors without attention to full or empty. Also, it doesn’t consider level of energy and power of neighbor in order to send the main station, which causes some limitations, such as increasing the traffic and reduction of effective relations in network. In the situations when the number of sources is too much, the sink selects only that path of neighbors which give to it the discovered data. But this is not optimum way of data compression in network. Of course, in case that a node can cover information of several sources, it can do an effective work in compression of data in the network. Description of base routing protocol algorithms There are a number of protocol variants that are optimized for different situations and Directed-Diffusion is actually more a design philosophy than a concrete protocol [84]. We start here with the original and basic variant, the â€Å"two phase pull† as is considered in [84]. Two-phase pull Directed-Diffusion: Data distribution in this scheme starts by nodes announcing of their interests in certain kinds of named data, specifying their interests by a set of attribute-value pairs [12, 26] in the publish/subscribe parlance. This corresponds to a subscription to data. These interest messages are distributed through the network and in the simplest case they are flooded. It would be trivial to set up converge cast tree with each node remembering the node from which it has first received the interest message from a given sink, given such an interest flood. Interests to different data and/or from different sinks would result in separate trees being constructed. But such a simple tree construction is faced with a serious impediment. In the absence of globally unique node identifiers, a node in the network cannot distinguish whether different interest messages originated at different data sinks. Thus, it would require the construction of separate converge cast trees to inform all sinks of published data or whether these packets are owing to the same sink and have simply traveled via different paths. This predicament is highlighted on Figure 2.1. For a node X there is, at first, only a single option – remember all neighbors from which an interest message has been received to, later on, once data has been published, forward the actual data to all th ese neighbors. In the Directed-Diffusion terminology, this is the setup of a gradient toward the sender of an interest. For each type of data received in an interest, each node stores in a gradient cache a separate set of gradients, potentially one for each neighbor. Fig. 2.1 Inability of network node X to distinguish interest messages from a single or multiple sinks Unlike the simple parent–child relationship in a tree, gradients often will be set up bidirectional between two neighbors, as both neighbors forward interest messages. In addition, a gradient is not simply a direction, but it also contains a value. This value represents, in a sense, the usefulness or the importance of a given link. It can constitute different semantics depending on the concrete application that Directed-Diffusion is supporting. A typical example is the rate with which data is transmitted over a given link (recall that directed diffusion is geared toward the support of periodic publications of data). Initially, these gradient values are the same for each neighbor. They are modified in the course of the protocol execution. Also, these gradients are initialized to low values, which are used to explore the network. Data can be propagated, once the gradients are set up, even with only preliminary values. A node that can contribute actual data from local measurements becomes a source and starts to send data. It uses the highest rate of all its outgoing gradients to sample and send data. An intermediate node, in the simplest case, would forward all incoming data messages over all its outgoing gradients, potentially suppressing some of the data messages to adapt to the rate of each gradient. However, this simple scheme results in unnecessary overhead in networks like the one shown in Figure 2.2, where data messages are needlessly repeated due to the presence of loops in the gradient graph. Just checking the originator of these data messages is again not feasible because of the lack of globally unique identifiers. Hence, the data cache is introduced, each node stores, for each known interest, the recently received data messages. If the same message comes in again, irrespective of from the same or di fferent originators, it is silently discarded. Figure 2.2 also shows that two copies of the same data message would be delivered to the sink, constituting no negligible overhead. The gradient values, or more specifically the rates associated with the gradients, provide a lever to solve this problem. One idea is to try to limit redundancy in the received data. A neighboring node that contributes new data messages (which cannot be found in the data cache) should be preferred over neighbors that only provide stale copies, or rarely provide new data, or appear to have high error rates, or are otherwise unattractive. This â€Å"preference† of a neighbor can simply be mapped onto the rate of a gradient. A node can reinforce a neighbor by simply sending a new interest message to that neighbor asking for a higher rate of data transmission. If this new, required rate is higher than the data rate which an intermediate node is currently receiving, it in turn can reinforce its best neighbor with this higher rate. In the end, the reinf orcement will percolate to the source(s) of the data messages. The no reinforced gradients can be maintained as backups, they can be actively suppressed, or they can be left to die out in the sense of soft state information. Fig. 2.2 Multiple intersecting paths’ data cache necessity in Directed-Diffusion Thus, these two phases, first, flooding the interest messages to explore the network and then again having information flow from the sink toward the sources during reinforcement, along with the fact that the sinks initiate the â€Å"pulling† of data, explain the classification of this variant as a â€Å"two-phase pull† procedure. These mechanisms of interests, gradients, and reinforcements constitute the pivotal mechanisms in Directed-Diffusion. It is worthwhile to reiterate that all of them are indeed strictly local, dispensing with the need for globally unique identifiers. Reference [62] contains further details how these mechanisms result in loop-free operation and how paths can be maintained in the presence of node or link failure (essentially, the reinforcement mechanism automatically adapts to the new topology). It should also be emphasized that, in principle, Directed-Diffusion in the form described here can handle both multiple sources and multiple sinks of data. The local rules result in a correct but not necessarily optimal flow of data messages. Push diffusion – supporting few senders and many receivers: As Directed-Diffusion represents both an interface/naming concept [63] and a concrete routing implementation (the one described above), it stands to reason that different routing protocols supporting the same interface have been developed. One such alternative routing protocol is the push diffusion [64], which is intended for many receivers and only a few senders. A typical example is an application where sensor nodes cross-subscribe to each other to be informed about local events but where the amount of actual events is quite low. In such a situation, two-phase pull would perform purely, as the sinks would generate a lot of traffic trying to set up (exploratory) gradients. This problem is solved by reversing the roles. Instead of the sinks sending out interests, sources send out exploratory data (i.e. flood it since no gradients exist yet). Once data arrives at interested sinks, they will reinforce these gradients, a nd then, data at higher rate will only follow these reinforced paths. The flooding overhead is justified since the event detection rate of sources is quite small to begin with. One-phase pull – supporting many senders and few receivers: Similar to the above-described push diffusion, pull diffusion [64, 84] is a specific routing protocol for the Directed-Diffusion interface. This one is geared toward many senders and a small number of receivers. As the name indicates, one-phase pull eliminates one of the flooding phases of two-phase pull, which constitute its major overhead. More precisely, interest messages are still flooded in the network (in the absence of recasting options) but the interest messages set up direct parent–child relationships in the network between a node and the node from which it first receives an interest message. As a result, a tree is formed in the network. This is only possible using (e.g. randomized) flow identifiers in the interest messages, which is feasible only for a small number of messages. Moreover, one-phase pull more strongly depends on link symmetry than does two-phase pull. Directed-Diffusion assisted by topology control: Reducing the flooding overhead inherent in two-phase pull [84] is a promising means for improvement. In particular, passive clustering fits well with Directed-Diffusion. In â€Å"Handziskiet at al† [66] is shown how this combination works in detail. In particular, the passive clustering structure is constructed on the fly with the distribution of interest floods. This result not only in better energy efficiency but, particularly, the percentage of actually delivered events is considerably improved, mostly because of easing the contention on the MAC layer. In this sense, this work highlights the need for a careful adjustment of at least three different protocol layers, those are the MAC, topology control, and data-centric routing – for an efficient wireless sensor network. A low-level-naming mechanism: In this approach, content-based addressing is integrated with Directed-Diffusion routing [65, 84]. In a nutshell, in Directed-Diffusion a sink node issues an interest message, specifying a set of attributes to describe the desired data. This message is disseminated into the network. The nodes that can produce sensor data matching the interest are called source nodes. A data packet generated by a source node travels through intermediate nodes to the sink. An intermediate node stores the interest along with (set of) possible upstream neighbors in the interest cache. Upon receiving a data packet, the intermediate node searches its cache for an interest matching the data and forwards the data packet to the associated upstream neighbor. Rumor: A variant of Directed-Diffusion, called Rumor Routing, has been proposed by Braginsky and Estrin [45, 84]. The proposed algorithm is applicable in situations where flooding would generate too much traffic and geographic information is not available. It is a logical compromise between query flooding and event flooding. The key idea is the routing of the queries to the nodes that have detected a particular event rather than flooding the entire network for retrieving information about the occurring events. In order to do this, the algorithm employs particular packets, called agents which are generated by nodes that have observed events. These latter are added to local tables on the nodes, called events tables. In order to disseminate information about local events to distant nodes, agents travel the network. Nodes use their events tables to respond to queries generated by the sinks. In this way, communication overhead is reduced by reducing floods. Gradient based routing: Gradient based routing is a slightly changed version of Directed-Diffusion [83, 67]. When flooding first interest messages, nodes keep the number of hops and calculate parameter called the height of the node. That is the minimum number of hops to the sink. The gradient on path is considered as the difference between of a node’s height and of its neighbor’s height. Then the data messages are forwarded on a path with the largest gradient. This solution uses some techniques such as data aggregation and traffic spreading in order to balance the traffic uniformly, which helps in balancing the load on sensor nodes and increases the network lifetime. GEAR: GEAR (Geographic and Energy Aware Routing) is a diffusion algorithm belonging to the Directed-Diffusion algorithms family [68, 84]. It relies on localized nodes, and provides savings over a complete network flood by limiting the flooding to a geographical region and using energy aware neighbor selection heuristics. To do this, each node in the network keeps two costs called estimated cost and learning cost, which are a combination of remnant energy and distance to destination. These costs are used to route a packet to and within the target region. In case there is no closer neighbor to the target region (a hole), one of the neighbors is picked to forward the packet based on the cost function. Within a region, packets are forwarded using the recursive geographic flooding. In that case, the region is divided into four sub regions and four copies of the packet are created. This process continues until reaching regions with one node (the destination). Scatter Web is an open and fle xible platform for implementing sensor networks [69]. This solution discusses the solar aware routing in sensor networks. The proposed energy aware routing algorithm is similar to Directed-Diffusion and uses the same terminology. However, nodes employed are not only battery-driven and instead, can be powered by solar power (Fig. 2.3). The key idea is to route packets via solar driven nodes since they can receive and transmit packets without consuming battery energy. The algorithm extends the Directed-Diffusion paradigm by adding several fields to the standard Directed-Diffusion headers (number of battery-driven nodes, number of solar-driven nodes, strategy, sequence number and so on). In order to save more energy, the solution proposes a scheme to prevent routing loops. Fig. 2.3 Geographic and Energy Aware Routing

Injection Molding :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plastics Engineering   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Injection Molding Most people have never heard of injection molding, however the products that are produced through this process are as common as a toothbrush, a compact disk, or even drinking glasses. Injection Molding is one of the principal processes used in converting plastics into useful products. An injection molding machine can be large or small but work through the same general process. The machine heats a thermoplastic material that in its pre-processing state is pelletized or granular, to a liquid-like â€Å"flowable† state. It then injects the melted plastic into a mold that is used to create the desired shape of the product. The plastic in the mold is then allowed to cool and removed form the mold by an ejector system. Different raw plastics materials can be used in the injection molding process. Most commonly injection molding machines provide processing for phenolics, melamine, silicone, elastomers and polyester. These materials can be numerous colors and can be used for making the various products depending on what characteristics like elasticity. flexibility and hardness are needed. The injection molding machine has two main components the injection unit and the clamp unit. The injection unit melts and injects the materials. There are usually about eight main parts that make up the injection unit, and they are the barrel, the nozzle, the screw and non return valve, heater bands, a motor to rotate the screw, and a hydraulic cylinder to move the screw forward and backward. Control systems are used for temperature regulation, and the timing of the screw rotation and injection strokes. The screw consits of three main sections the metering zone, the transition zone and the feed zone. The feed zone makes up about 1/2 the total length of the screw. It has deep flights and is where the pellets first enter the screw. The transition zone is about 1/4 the length of the screw and has flights that are closer together to compress the pellets and aid in the melting process. The metering zone makes up the last portion of the screw mechanism and is where any final melting of the pellets occurs before the pellets pass through the non return valve and nozzle into the mold. The Clamping unit opens and closes the mold and ejects the parts. The two most common methods to generate clamping forces are direct hydraulic clamps and toggle clamps that are both actuated by hydraulic cylinders. In addition to those parts most injection molding machines also have a hydraulic pump and resivoir. Safety is a very important aspect of injection molding so most injection molding machines are equipped with safety devices. Injection Molding :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plastics Engineering   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Injection Molding Most people have never heard of injection molding, however the products that are produced through this process are as common as a toothbrush, a compact disk, or even drinking glasses. Injection Molding is one of the principal processes used in converting plastics into useful products. An injection molding machine can be large or small but work through the same general process. The machine heats a thermoplastic material that in its pre-processing state is pelletized or granular, to a liquid-like â€Å"flowable† state. It then injects the melted plastic into a mold that is used to create the desired shape of the product. The plastic in the mold is then allowed to cool and removed form the mold by an ejector system. Different raw plastics materials can be used in the injection molding process. Most commonly injection molding machines provide processing for phenolics, melamine, silicone, elastomers and polyester. These materials can be numerous colors and can be used for making the various products depending on what characteristics like elasticity. flexibility and hardness are needed. The injection molding machine has two main components the injection unit and the clamp unit. The injection unit melts and injects the materials. There are usually about eight main parts that make up the injection unit, and they are the barrel, the nozzle, the screw and non return valve, heater bands, a motor to rotate the screw, and a hydraulic cylinder to move the screw forward and backward. Control systems are used for temperature regulation, and the timing of the screw rotation and injection strokes. The screw consits of three main sections the metering zone, the transition zone and the feed zone. The feed zone makes up about 1/2 the total length of the screw. It has deep flights and is where the pellets first enter the screw. The transition zone is about 1/4 the length of the screw and has flights that are closer together to compress the pellets and aid in the melting process. The metering zone makes up the last portion of the screw mechanism and is where any final melting of the pellets occurs before the pellets pass through the non return valve and nozzle into the mold. The Clamping unit opens and closes the mold and ejects the parts. The two most common methods to generate clamping forces are direct hydraulic clamps and toggle clamps that are both actuated by hydraulic cylinders. In addition to those parts most injection molding machines also have a hydraulic pump and resivoir. Safety is a very important aspect of injection molding so most injection molding machines are equipped with safety devices.